Psychology and Personality Of The Abuser

Psychology and Personality Of The Abuser Psychology and Personality of the Abuser and Abused Abstract Domestic violence is the act of harassing an intimate or prior intimate. Domestic violence is a widespread problem throughout the world with woman and children being the most at risk. Most abusers suffer from various personality disorders ranging from paranoid personality disorder to explosive personality disorder. When a person is abused for a prolonged period of time the Stockholm Syndrome may develop with the abused becoming attached mentally and emotionally to the abuser. Seeking for professional help may be difficult to attain, because both, the abuser and the abused, will not admit their problem. Having law enforcement agencies coerce the abuser to go for therapy may be the only way to end the cycle of abuse. However, once the abuser is in therapy a variety of methods may be used ranging from medications such as Prozac to behavioral modification techniques. Domestic Violence Domestic violence is the harassment and abuse of one human to another human. It includes any hurtful or unwanted behavior perpetrated upon an individual by an intimate or prior intimate. These abuses range from physical beatings, emotional torture, mental abuse, sexual abuse, threat of violence, denial of necessities such as food and shelter. In the event where there are children involved the abuse may be coupled with additional torture, such as denial of custody of the children, running away with the children, and the fear of harming the children (Facts Stats, n.d.). Frequency In a study conducted by Heise, Ellsberg Gottemoeller (1999) they reported that as much as thirty three percent of women worldwide, will be beaten, raped, coerced into sex, or otherwise be involved in a dispute of domestic violence during their lifetime. The US Department of Justice (2005) estimates that every two and a half minutes an incident of domestic violence occurs within the United States, and about two thirds of these assaults are conducted by someone who is familiar with the victim. Singer et al reports that each year up to ten million children experience some form domestic violence (Singer et al p. 104). Most at Risk Groups Shipway (2006) concluded that the groups most at risk are pregnant women. In a study conducted in East London, fifteen percent of pregnant women interviewed reported being assaulted during their pregnancy. Of these, about forty percent reported that it started while they were pregnant, and thirty percent reported that at some time they suffered a miscarriage as a result of the violence (p 57). Another group being very vulnerable to domestic violence is children. Studies suggest that approximately ten million children are exposed to domestic violence annually (Family Violence Prevention Fund). Personality of Abuser Norman (2007) postulates that most abusers will have some kind of paranoid personality disorder. It will also be accompanied by suspiciousness, jealousy and envy against the other partner. In many instances a person with a paranoid personality disorder may believe that everyone is out to get them,  and this will only fuel their violence. It will also be used as an excuse to justify beatings and other abuses committed In addition, when a stressful situation arises, a person with a paranoid personality disorder will not analyze a particular problem with logic. Instead, they will blame others for the situation. Blaming others will further give them some kind of mental excuse to let out their heat  against others. People with a paranoid personality disorder are also constantly accusing their partner in doing things they are not doing. They may accuse their partner of cheating, plotting against them with others. They may also coerce a partner in acting and thinking as they do, and if the partner resists in keeping their independency they may lash out violently, verbally and sometimes physically (Norman 2007 Paranoid personality disorder ) Another personality disorder described by Norman (2007) is which may act as a precursor for domestic violence is explosive personality disorder sometimes referred to as intermittent explosive disorder. Explosive personality disorder falls into the category of impulse-control disorders. People with explosive personality disorder are unable to control aggressive or violent impulses. What is more troubling is the fact that once these people act out the aggressive impulses, they feel a sense of relief; nevertheless, in most instances they regret that the incidence occurred altogether. People with explosive personality disorder will express their aggressive impulse through a variety of violent behaviors; they may range from physical assault on others to committing homicide. Sometimes these people may afflict damage upon themselves too and may attempt to commit suicide (Norman 2007 Explosive personality disorder ). Mindset of Abused One of the most intriguing phenomenons that psychologists must deal with is when people are abused for a prolonged period of time they may become mentally and emotionally attached to their abusers. So much so, they are unwilling to let go of the abuser, and are angry with anyone who wants to separate them form the abuser. This phenomenon is called the Stockholm syndrome. Stockholm Syndrome The term Stockholm Syndrome  was coined in 1973, to describe the puzzling reaction of four bank employees who were kidnapped. Three women and one man were taken hostage in one of the largest banks in Stockholm, and were held there for six days by two ex-convicts who while threatening their lives showed them some acts of kindness. On the sixth day when the police finally drilled a hole through the roof of the vault where they were kept and sprayed tear gas through the opening the hostage takers finally gave up. As soon as the hostage takers gave up the police shouted to the hostages to come out before the hostages. But  ¦ here a strange thing happened. Reporter Daniel Lang (1974) reports: There was no movement in the vault. The hostages kept their ground, rejecting rescue. Defiant, Kristin (one of the hostages) shouted back, No, Olsson and Clark (the two captors) go first youll gun them down if we do!  Startled, the would-be liberators hesitated, then finally opened wide the outer door and made way for Olsson and Clark (the two captors). As they stood framed in the doorway, the convicts and hostages quickly, abruptly embraced each other, the women kissing their captors, Sven (one of the hostages) shaking hands with them. Their farewells over, all six walked out of the vault, Olsson and Clark (the two captors) in the lead (Lang p. 114). Even when they were taken by the police and put into ambulances, the hostages continued to be concerned about their former captors. One of the hostages wondered what was happening to them and expressed the wish the whatever was being done for us should be done to them.  Another hostage refused to lie down on her stretcher. She sat up, searching for her captors. When she saw one of her former captors being worked over by the police, she yelled to him, Clark, Ill see you again!  (Lang p. 114) Following their release, the hostages continued to see the police as their enemy  and their captors as their protectors who gave them life. One hostage accused psychiatrists of trying to brainwash  her so as to turn her against her captors. One of the hostages tried to find hatred towards the captors but couldnt; he instead began to investigate what life is like in prison, and what his captors were doing. (Lang 1974 p. 120) Approximately one year after the ordeal, one of the hostages visited one of the captors in jail after having experienced a powerful impulse  to do so. She refused to tell anyone what they discussed. According to U.S. News and World Report reporter Peter Annin (1985), two of the women hostages later became engaged to the captors. Precursors of Stockholm Syndrome Graham (1987) found that bounding to an abuser or captor occurred under a certain set of conditions; perceived threat to survival; perceived kindness; isolation, and the perceived inability to escape. Perceived Threat to Survival While most people view physical violence as a more serious offense than psychological abuse, the threat of physical violence is more psychologically debilitating than the actual violence. The psychological effect of chronic mental abuse is the most likely precursor to cause the syndrome. When a person lives in constant fear of being abused and they dont know if the person knocking on the door, calling on the phone, turning into the driveway or waiting around the corner will kill them, they will eventually develop an emotional bond to their aggressor for the mere fact that they did not kill them up until now. This emotional bond is the abuses psychological mechanism that this will hopefully  persuade the abuser not to harm them (Graham 1987 p. 34). Perceived Kindness A person whose survival is threatened perceives kindness differently then a person whose survival is not threatened. For instance, a small kindness one that likely would not be noticed under conditions of safety appears huge under conditions of threat and/or debilitation (Graham 1987 p. 35). Angela Browne (1987) reports that some battered women experience the cessation of violence by their partners as show of kindness. Therefore, when this situation continues for a prolonged period of time, the abused person may begin to perceive the abuser as a kind person (Browne 1987 p. 81). Isolation Isolation is also a key element and a strong precedent to the Stockholm syndrome. For example, a wife batterer will isolate his wife from her family. He will only permit his wife to maintain ties with her family if he sees that her family is sending her the message that they will not become involved in her married life. Abusers use a variety of strategies to isolate their victims. One of the main strategies is to discourage their victims from telling others who might help them if told about the abuse. A common threat is that they will kill them or their children if they dare tell anybody the truth about the abuse (Graham 1987 p. 35). Perceived Inability to Escape An abuser will usually use violence or the threat of violence to prevent the escape of the abused. For instance, an abuser will threaten that they will kill them if they leave, for if they leave them they wont have anyway what to lose in life. However, outsiders dont know of the threats, for the abused wont tell anybody of it out of fear of being harmed by the abuser (Graham 1987 p. 36). Psychodynamics Underlying Stockholm Syndrome Graham (1987) postulated that the confluence of the four precursor conditions could be seen as giving rise to the psychodynamics that account for the apparently bizarre behaviors of people exhibiting the Stockholm Syndrome. Graham (1987) further hypothesized that the following psychodynamics underlie the Stockholm Syndrome. An abuser terrorized a victim, who cannot escape, by threatening their physical or psychological survival. Because of the terrorization, the victim needs nurturance and protection, and because the victim is isolated from other, they must turn to the abuser for nurturance and protection. Moreover, because of the need of for emotional support and the will to survive, and since there appears to be no ways and means for the victim to escape further terrorization, the victim actively searches for closeness and expressions of kindness, empathy and affection from the abuser. If the victim perceives that kindness from the abuser, they become hopeful that the abuser will eventually end the abuse. With the perception of kindness and hope, the victim denies any feeling of danger, terror and rage that the abuser creates. This denial occurs because the terror and thus danger is experienced as overwhelming, and if the victim should express any disagreement against the abuser, they may be punished physically and/or mentally. Thus, they deny their true emotions and focus their attention to keep the abuser happy, so they not terrorize them more. If this phenomenon continues for a prolonged period of time, Graham concludes that it may lead to the Stockholm Syndrome (Graham 1987 p. 38). Therapy Therapy for domestic violence is very tricky. Norman (2007) suggests that therapy should be concentrated on the abuser, for it will be easier to deal with the abuser then the abused. Although he admits that this too is also very hard, for the abuser will never admit that they have a problem. Furthermore, because of their personality disorders, they dont trust anyone including a psychologist. However, when they are being coerced by the legal system to undergo therapy, Prozac has been proven to be the best treatment for paranoid personality disorder (PPD), and for explosive personality disorder (EPD) the best treatment will be medication accompanied with behavioral modification techniques (Norman 2007 Explosive personality disorder ; paranoid personality disorder). References Annin, P. (1985, July 8). Hostages: Living in the aftermath. U.S. News and World Report, (44), 99. Browne, A. (1987). When battered women kill. New York: Free Press. Fact Stats. (n.d.). Turn Around (facts stats). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://www.turnaroundinc.org Family violence prevention fund. (n.d.). The facts on children and domestic violence. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://www.endabuse.org/resources/facts/Children.pdf Graham, D. L. R. (1987). Loving to survive sexual terror mens violence and womens lives. New York: New York University Press. Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., Gettermoeller, M. (1999). Ending Violence Against Women (Series L ed.) [Pamphlet]. Lang, D. (1974, November 25). A reporter at large: The bank drama. THe New Yorker, pp. 56 126. Norman, J. (2007). Explosive personality disorder. In Bella online the voice of women. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://www.bellaonline.com/art26981.asp Norman, J. (2007). Paranoid personality disorder and domestic violence. In Bella online the vioce of women. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art.47612.asp Shipway, L. (2006, March). Domestic violence and abuse specific at-risk grpups. Prctice Nurse, 31(6), 56. Singer, M. I., Miller, D. B., Guo, S., Slovak, K., Frieson, T. (1998). The mental health consequences of the exposure to domestic volence. Cleveland: Western Reserve University. US Department of Justice. (2005). Retrieved April 8, 2007, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm Shipway, L. (2006, March). Domestic violence and abuse specific at-risk groups. Practice Nurse, 31(6), 56. Singer, M. I., Miller, D. B., Guo, S., Slovak, K., Frieson, T. (1998). The mental health consequences of the exposure to domestic violence. Cleveland: Western Reserve University.

Psychodynamic vs Trait Theory Essay

Founded by Sigmund Freud, the Psychodynamic theory is known for ignoring â€Å"the trappings of science and instead focus[ing] on trying to get ‘inside the head’ of individuals in order to make sense of their relationships, experiences and how they see the world† (McLeod, S. A. , 2007). By contrast Trait theory is â€Å"the measurement of consistent patterns of habit in an individual’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions† (â€Å"Trait Theory†, 2013). While they are both methods of understanding human behavior the way that the different theories attempt to understand human behavior differ greatly. The Psychodynamic theory uses a put yourself in their shoes type of understanding while the Trait theory is pattern based and relies on data gathered by observing patterns. Understanding human behavior is something that is extremely complicated. The Trait theory is â€Å"based on the stability of traits over time, how they differ from other individuals, and how the[y] will influence human behavior†. These two theories are essentially a scientific approach versus an approach based on emotions, behaviors, and general, albeit trained, understanding of others emotions and behaviors. The basic theories developed by Freud and his successors are based on some basic assumptions. Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. Our behavior and feelings as adults (including psychological problems) are rooted in our childhood experiences. All behavior has a cause (usually unconscious), even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behavior is determined. Personality is made up of three parts (i. e. tripartite). The id, ego and super-ego. Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive & death instinct). Both these drives come from the â€Å"id†. Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego). Personality is shaped as the drives are modified by different conflicts at different times in childhood (during psychosexual development). With an understanding of these assumptions Freud developed his theory of psychoanalysis, which is the basis for all psychiatric analysis, including the Trait and Psychodynamic theories. While they share their basic origin these traits differ significantly in the data that they analyze.

Letter to Congress Essay

My name is †¦ and I am writing as your constituent in the 53rd Congressional district of California. I am writing to ask you to cosponsor Rep. John Conyers’ Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act (H.R. 676). United States House of Representatives Bill Number 676 is the proposed U.S. legislation to establish single-payer health care, improved Medicare for All, in the United States. It will establish lifelong, comprehensive coverage for health care. A single-payer system would take the charge of insurance premiums off of employers and put it on the people as a nation, where it belongs. I can’t think of a more pro-business step that Congress could take at this time. It’s also the right thing to do, the humane thing to do. Obamacare doesn’t address the lack of sustainability of our healthcare system. It won’t keep insurance prices down, more than 30 million people will remain uninsured, and insurance companies will manipulate their way out of a ny imposed regulations. We will no longer be paying for a system that wastes $400 billion in excessive administrative costs, more of our health care dollars will be spent on health care, and more of the doctors and nurses time will be spent on caring for people. The result will be more time spent on prevention and wellness and the U.S. dramatically raising its life expectancy. As a Registered Nurse who has been employed at various managed care payers, I know firsthand the corruption and abuse that is typical of health insurance companies. It is political corruption that has allowed this situation to continue. Right now Congress and the President are fighting over how much to slash Medicare and Medi-Cal/Medicaid benefits. The American people don’t want to see this happen. National, single-payer healthcare (H.R. 676) is pro-business, and pro-people. Please co-sponsor today. Thank you for your time and attention.

Sublimation Process

Sublimation is the term for when matter undergoes a phase transition directly from a solid to gaseous form, or vapor, without passing through the more common liquid phase between the two. It is a specific case of vaporization. Sublimation refers to physical changes of transition, and not to cases where solids convert into gas due to a chemical reaction. Because the physical change from a solid into a gas requires the addition of energy into the substance, it is an example of an endothermic change. How Sublimation Works Phase transitions are dependent upon the temperature and pressure of the material in question. Under normal conditions, as generally described by kinetic theory, adding heat causes the atoms within a solid to gain energy and become less tightly bound to each other. Depending on the physical structure, this usually causes the solid to melt into liquid form. If you look at the phase diagrams, which is a graph that depicts the states of matter for various pressures and volumes. The triple point on this diagram represents the minimum pressure for which the substance can take on the liquid phase. Below that pressure, when the temperature drops below the level of the solid phase, it transitions directly into the gas phase. The consequence of this is that if the triple point is at high pressure, as in the case of solid carbon dioxide (or dry ice), then sublimation is actually easier than melting the substance since the high pressures needed to turn them into liquids are typically a challenge to create. Uses for Sublimation One way to think about this is that if you want to have sublimation, you need to get the substance beneath the triple point by lowering the pressure. A method that chemists often employ is placing the substance in a vacuum and applying heat, in a device called a sublimation apparatus. The vacuum means that the pressure is very low, so even a substance that usually melts into liquid form will sublimate directly into vapor with the addition of the heat. This is a method used by chemists to purify compounds and was developed in the pre-chemistry days of alchemy as a means of creating purified vapors of elements. These purified gases can then go through a process of condensation, with the end result being a purified solid, since either the temperature of sublimation or the temperature of condensation would be different for the impurities than for the desired solid. One note of consideration on what I described above: condensation would actually take the gas into a liquid, which would then freeze back into a solid. It would also be possible to reduce the temperature while retaining the low pressure, keeping the whole system beneath the triple point, and this would cause a transition directly from gas into solid. This process is called deposition.

Racial Discrimination in America - 1439 Words

Kimberly Stevens LAW 420 Summer B 2010 MTWR 4:10-5:50 Due Date: August 16, 2010 Racial Discrimination in America Abstract The framers that wrote the Declaration of Independence intended for this country to be founded on the rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. To an extent, this has been true, but our country still has a long way to go. Unless American society chooses to change their mindset and their way of thinking, then this country will never advance and there will continue to be racial discrimination in every aspect of our daily lives. The very existence of a race other than white mocked the validity of a government that guaranteed liberty and justice for the nation’s people (Hurmence, 1984). The†¦show more content†¦The state of Arizona is even trying to make it legal to detain any individuals if it is thought that they may be illegally in the U.S. With Arizona’s new law, this would call for police officers to check a person’s immigration status while enforcing other laws and require immigrants to prove that they were authorized to be in the country or risk state charges (Archibold, 2010). The judge that ruled to ban this new law stated: â€Å"There is a substantial likelihood that officers will wrongfully arrest legal resident aliens.† â€Å"By enforcing this statute, Arizona would impose, ‘a distinct, unusual and extraordinary’ burden on legal resident aliens that only the federal government has the authority to impose† (Archibold, 2010, p. A1). This could lead to the harassment of citizens and legal immigrants (Archibold, 2010). This could also show evidence that our country has backslid in an era when it should be moving forward. The September 11, 2001, horrific terrorist’s attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon left every Muslim to blame for these attacks. Even though it was only a few people out of this entire race that contributed to these attacks, all Muslims were held accountable in more ways than one. Since these attacks, they have become the target of numerous racial attacks and forms of racial discrimination. They have become the target of public resentment in America. It has become normal to associate every Muslim person with thoseShow MoreRelatedRace And Health Inequality In America. . Racial Discrimination1580 Words   |  7 PagesRace and Health Inequality in America Racial discrimination by doctors According to Golash-Boza (2016), the systemic racism or the accumulated disadvantages for non-whites are also reflected in in the areas of health and environment. 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Business Plan For A Business Company - 1630 Words

Introduction Chocoberry is an established company that is involved in creating healthy chocolate candies for the health-conscious consumer in ages 25 - 45 in the United States. A business plan to how Chocoberry would be able to distribute the product to the customers has been drafted along with a variety of alternatives to distributing the product to the customer. Another important factor that has been covered is the delivery processes. It should be noted that chocolate candy is being developed by technical departments. The key players involved in the paramount decisions regarding the direction of Chocoberry are Candy Marshall, VP of Marketing; Terry Hersch, VP of New Product Development; and finally, Bill Ferrel, Director of Distribution. One important factor in regards to Chocoberry is that this company has never offered retail chocolate products to consumers. It has been stated that there are logistical considerations – such as the relationships with retail outlets and the variant expedience of the distribution. As an independent consultant, my objective is to create and evaluate this company’s alternatives, provide a report, and even craft at least three possible distribution options for Chocoberry’s new venture. Business Plan The business plan for Chocoberry has currently been written in order for Chocoberry to successfully pursue the correct demographic who are likely to purchase the product from Chocoberry. 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Factors Declining Profit of Coles in Australia-Free-Samples

Question: Analyze the factors responsible for declining profit of Coles in Australia. Answer: Problem Statement The retail industry is Australia is booming and there is intense competition among the companies in the market. Coles is one such supermarket retail company capturing large share in the market. However, in the recent years, the profits of the organization have been declining and have failed to maintain their momentum due to the fierce competition from Woolworths and ALDI (Nakos, 2017). These two companies are the biggest rivals of Coles and have been able to increase their growth and share in the market. This study is focused on identifying the various reasons which are responsible for the decline in organizational growth, sales and market share. The organization has been making efforts to transform the organization in terms of service, quality and value. However, the organization has not been successful in their efforts which are reflected in their organizational growth, sales and other financial data. The rapid expansion policy used by the competitors in the market is something which Coles was unable to counter that reflects on their financial year. The online retail industry is also expected to grow at a rate of 12.4% in the upcoming five years so this is a crucial period for the organization as they can bounce back and regain their competitive advantage in the market (Chung, 2017). Aim and objective The research will aim to identify the different factors responsible for the declining profits of Coles Supermarket. The different factors responsible for organization performance will be identified to provide relevant findings. To identify the different factors responsible for declining profits of the organization named Coles Supermarket To evaluate these factors to identify the root cause of these problems faced by Coles To recommend suitable strategies required to improve the profits, growth and market share of Coles Research questions What are the different factors responsible for declining profits of the organization named Coles Supermarket? What is the root causes for the declining profit of Coles Supermarket in Australia? Methodology This study will use a descriptive research where the study will explore different research literature. The methodology for the study is chosen based on the nature of the study. Research philosophy deals with providing awareness about the different methods in the study. The research philosophy that will be used is interpretivism (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). Interpretivism is a philosophy which will explore relevant data to develop relevant theories which may be applicable to the study. Therefore, subjectivism is the basis of the research and is dependent on using secondary data for research. Therefore, the study will use inductive approach where the study will aim to develop new theories and generalizations based on the acquired data. The study will use non-probabilistic sampling method for collecting data as the data set is small (Flick, 2015). The reliability and the validity of the study will have to be kept high and therefore, the results will be cross checked using other mate rial sources. It is essential to maintain the ethical aspect of the study in this context by using only relevant articles (Ikpeze, 2015). The data that will be used should not be manipulated to form desired findings and conclusions. Data collection and analysis In this study, secondary data will be collected from different peer review journals, articles and websites. The study will use mono method and thematic analysis is the basis of developing relevant findings (Humphries, 2017). In thematic analysis, the study will analyze similar cases to identify exact reasons for the cause of decrease in profit margin. Moreover, the patterns within the data collected will also be analyzed to develop relevant findings in the study (Palinkas et al., 2015). The study will also include quantitative data collected from the annual report of Coles. The data collected from the annual report of Coles will provide a different dimension to the study. References Chung, F. (2017).Coles continued to execute its customer-led strategy.NewsComAu. Retrieved 28 March 2018, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/coles-profit-falls-135-per-cent-to-16-billion/news-story/3ab5ec55c22f92f7829b86ed8e18e6ba Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Humphries, B. (2017).Re-thinking social research: anti-discriminatory approaches in research methodology. Taylor Francis. Ikpeze, C. H. (2015). Data Collection and Analysis. InTeaching across Cultures(pp. 29-37). SensePublishers, Rotterdam. Nakos, N. (2017).Coles market share in Australia has declined | Australian Food News.Ausfoodnews.com.au. Retrieved 28 March 2018, from https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2017/10/18/coles-market-share-in-australia-has-declined.html Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,42(5), 533-544. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.