On The Progress Of A University Education Essay

I ‘ve been appointed as Director of concern school services which deal with Numberss of different organisations in different parts of North America. Ottawa Business School is an international school which has excelled in many assorted states and parts for decennaries now. It is considered one of the top universities in North America and is regarded as one of the universe ‘s most extremely concern schools. Its MBA plan is often ranked among the planetary top. Ottawa Business School Teachs postgraduate programmes in finance and direction for experient concern executives, Masters in Finance, Masters in Management, and PhD. It was established in 1975 as portion of bing universities such as Toronto Business Schools every bit good as Montreal Academy for Business Administration. It has close coactions with the nearby Montreal Academy and the Modern Language Centre at Ottawa ‘s College Institute. The admittances procedure at OBS is extremely selective ; doing it is one of the most competitory concern schools in the universe. The School has over 10,000 pupils in more than 30 different metropoliss and provinces. One of the most of import tools used in Ottawa Business Schools is the communicating between the different subdivisions amongst the assorted metropoliss and the communicating used between the staff members and pupils. Some agencies of communicating used in a topographic point like OBS is face to confront communicating, electronic mails, facsimile, telephones, meetings ( verbal and non-verbal communicating ) etc. OBS has about 620 educated and experienced instructors and professors with assorted backgrounds in all subdivisions. Most of the staff members have either a Masters or PhD Degree with adequate experience to learn in any concern installation. I am really delighted to be in this fantastic place. However, as clip passed, I began to detect that communicating between the fellow pupils and staff members was non every bit coherent as should be. I had to take immediate action and expression into this job. For this university to remain on the top and for the pupils and module to be in a good structured environment, communicating needed to better. Communication is critical for any organisation to win. Communication is an of import portion of instruction because the pupils have to be able to understand the message that the instructor is seeking to convey. However, I have noticed some physical barriers that have affected this. These barriers included the deficiency of listening accomplishments that the staff and pupils conveyed, and the deficiency of feedback given by the pupils to demo their apprehension. Effective hearing is one of the most of import factors in schoolroom communicating. However, in Ottawa Business School, this is a beginning of communicating job. Peoples frequently fall short hearing carefully. Besides, when people are in a dissension, they frequently ponder more on what they are traveling to state in answer to their opposition ‘s statement, comparatively than listening to their opposition ‘s words with full attending. For illustration, when a pupil and a instructor get into a small statement about school issues, one of the two might be excessively upset to even listen to what the other has to state. The consequence, once more, is misinterpretations, and frequently gratuitous rise of a struggle. Taking the clip to deeply seek the jobs at Ottawa Business Schools, I was really disquieted when I noticed that a deficiency of feedback prevailed in the schoolrooms. Working 25 old ages in the concern universe, I knew how of import it is for feedback to be given. It is indispensable as incorrect or deficiency of feedback can do many lacks in all the types and ways of communicating in general. Feedback is critical for the transmitter to be certain that the receiving system decoded his or her message in the right manner. Nevertheless, I was shocked to see the pupil ‘s engagement in some of the categories. No inquiries were being asked, by both the pupils and instructors and even when asked by instructors, the pupils did non reply. How did the instructors know that their pupils to the full understood what was being said or asked? Sadly, at that point, it besides came to my attending that, I, as the Director of this university, have non taken the clip to prosecute with my fellow pupils and cognize or be informed if they believe some of the ordinances should be altered. This was besides a cause of deficiency of feedback and communicating. These physical barriers were non the lone grounds that broke down the flow of effectual communicating in the lower degree of the organisation. A large portion of it was due to cultural barriers. Speakers frequently are non clear about what they imply, which assures that what they say will be ill-defined as good. Even when people are familiar to what they mean, they frequently do non declare it every bit clearly as they should. Furthermore, people frequently get baffled about other people ‘s messages. This is peculiarly common when people from diverse civilizations try to pass on, which may happen repeatedly in topographic points such as schools, organisations, or even assemblages. Ottawa Business School is an international society which includes a figure of different people with different nationalities and linguistic communications. I have noticed that since the civilizations are diverse here, it is simple for the same statement to denote one thing to one individual and somethi ng different to person else. Teachers are non precisely cognizant of this. For illustration, go throughing an point to person with one manus is considered extremely rude in Japan while it is acceptable in the Eastern Countries. Gestures can besides be misinterpreted. For case the O.K gesture in America and England is given to intend everything is all right, while in France it is considered an abuse. Even though it might non look as an contemptuous facet, some pupils are really cultural and this can pique them. I besides became cognizant that both instructors and pupils have predisposed ideas about behaviour based on people ‘s civilization. One of my staff members has been unjust to a group of pupils from China. They have been handling them in a unit of ammunition and biased mode. When these Chinese pupils ask inquiries in category, they do non acquire prompt replies. This has besides influenced the other pupils to handle the group of Chinese pupils in a disrespectful manner in and outside of category. The concluding barrier that came to my concern was the behavior barriers. These included the verbal and non-verbal methods. Several staff members displayed a great trade of attitude towards their pupils. They did non to the full listen to them and interrupted them while talking. When attitude got in the manner of communicating, people declined to listen to one another. Teachers have besides brought all kinds of issues to work that had nil to make with their occupation. These included personal problems, household issues and other jobs. These quandaries have put instructors under huge emphasis and due to this emphasis, I have noticed that the instructors have non been learning or listening good and have been less effectual communicators. It was my duty to get the better of these communicating jobs. I took the clip to lucubrate on each of these state of affairss and I eventually came up with sensible declarations. I held a meeting with the staff members to put some regulations and ordinances. It was really indispensable for the instructors to cognize that listening plays a really of import portion in the instruction of the fellow pupils. I made it clear to my staff members that active hearing was the chief method to get the better of the listening barrier. Active hearing is an organized manner of listening and reacting to others and concentrating full attending on the talker. When instructors interrupt the talker before allowing them finish, they are basically stating that they do n't value what they are stating. This can do pupils experience that their sentiments do non count and non take part in category. I made it clear that instructors should alter their methods in category and do certain that they respond and eng age with the pupils to demo that they are efficaciously listening. This would besides get the better of the deficiency of feedback displayed in category. Teachers should do certain that they are often inquiring inquiries and having replies. It is up to them to do certain that the pupils understand the topic. They may look into for pupils organic structure languages, manus gestures, etc. Ottawa Business School is one of the top universities in the universe. If the cultural barriers were non overcome, this university would hold a bad image to all. It was critical for the staff members to esteem other ‘s cultural and beliefs. Teachers should be proactive when nearing a new civilization. They should esteem their background. It is besides necessary to measure people on an single footing. It is of import to hedge judgement, avoid misguided beliefs, narrow positions, and immature feedbacks. Any staff member who can non accept these conditions will instantly be fired. The concluding barrier that I had to work upon to get the better of was the behavior barrier. I understand if a instructor comes to work disquieted or personally bothered by something one time or perchance twice. However, they should take duty and set their feelings aside for the twenty-four hours or try to command them. An disquieted individual tends to disregard what others are stating and are unable to show thoughts efficaciously. It was my responsibility to inform the staff about this so it does non go on once more. Taking the clip to measure the advancement of my university, I came upon the different barriers that have affected and reduced effectual communicating between the pupils and staff members. By taking action to get the better of these jobs, Ottawa Business School will hold a better environment for all. Students do non hold to be concerned about instructors non listening to them any longer, or handling them in a unit of ammunition mode or acting rough in category. Hopefully, pupils will now be more engaged in the assorted treatments and activities in category and communicate good with their schoolmates and staff members.

Gender Equality In Education

All over the world, education is not only acknowledged to benefit individuals but as well recognized to promote national development. Education expands the life choices and opportunity for both boys and girls; nevertheless, approximately 60 million girls continue to be out of school (â€Å"Gender Equality in Education†). Several government and non-government organization have been continually working to eliminate the disparity between boys and girls by identifying gender-related barriers, evaluating the extent of education disadvantage that the latter confront, and implementing systems to overcome and remove the aforesaid impediments.Basically, ensuring gender equality in education suggests that boys and girls have equal opportunities to enroll and access school, as well as to benefit from, and participate in the array of subjects or other learning practices presented in schools and classrooms. Effective Strategies for Equality In Education An effective approach for educating boys and girls requires incorporating attention to enrollment and admission, in addition to achievement and excellence.Through gender-sensitive teaching-learning methods, learning materials, and curricula, boys and girls in the same way become prepared with the attitudes and life skills needed to achieve their definitive skill, within and beyond the educational system, irrespective of their sex (â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education† 2). Unfortunately, in developing countries, girls generally come up against textbooks, teaching practices, and other school materials that endorse gender stereotypes that are disadvantageous to their educational success.In addition, unsafe school environment creates difficulties to the completion of education, more especially to girls. Keeping girls in schools necessitates donors, policymakers, educators, community members, and parents to look further than enrollment and deal with bigger, related issues. For instance, poor families normall y have to choose between educating their daughters or sons, and more often than not parents routinely prefer to educate their sons.Evidently, decisions are normally not be anchored in the natural skills, aptitudes, or the enthusiasm levels of their children. However, the prearranged gender responsibilities may not automatically benefit boys either, and may even be detrimental to them. Young age boys may experience a profound responsibility to academically perform in order to meet their families’ expectations to be successful. Consequences of Gender Equality In EducationExceptionally numerous children, particularly those form poor families and living in remote or rural areas, constantly needs quality learning opportunities, such as access to a sheltered, nearby school. Child soldiers, trafficked children, orphaned children, displaced children, refugee children, street children, indigenous children, working children, as well as those who are living in conflict areas, and physic ally challenged are not receiving an adequate education (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6).Even more unfortunate, being female aggravates an already problematical situation. In many developing countries, girls are less encouraged than boys to stay in school, enroll in school, or less expected to have their educational requirements provided using non-formal approaches (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6). Evidently, the most excellent, available development investment is not being totally exploited by these nations. Educating girls takes in significant outcomes.Educating girls to a certain extent generates a higher rate of return than any other investment presented in the developing world. When girls are provided with access to a rights-based, quality education, they have a tendency to postpone marriage, boast healthier and fewer children, and throw in more to nation productivity and family income (â€Å"Education From A Gender E quality Perspective† 6). Whether consideration is focused on primary or secondary education, providing and ensuring access to high quality education is essential if nations are to realize their development objectives.Developing countries that fall short of guaranteeing impartial access to basic education are, as a result, affected by distressing consequences, such as the increase in fertility and increase costs, poverty, malnutrition, and child mortality. Worldwide Status of Gender Inequality In Education According to the visionary educator Dr. Kwegyir Aggrey, â€Å"Educating the men and neglecting the women is the most certain approach to keep a population down† (â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century† n. p. ).Accordingly, a nation basically educates a person if it educates a man; however, a nation educates a family if it educates a woman. The good news these days, however, is that over recent decades a record numbers of girls have swarmed into sc hool. Girls have closed the gender gap with boys, and prevailed over considerable development, social, and economic gains for their communities as well as for themselves. In poor countries, in general, girls’ primary school enrollments in 1990 to 2004 soared from 87 percent to 94 percent; with more girls today in secondary school than in any documented period in history (Mercy and Fort).Nevertheless, despite the fact that inequalities in the enrolment rates in primary and secondary education have decreased, they have not been eradicated up until now. At present, more than two-thirds of the estimated 860 million uneducated persons around the world are women (â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys†). Conclusion Education is a basic human right, and children regardless of sex, color, nationality and religion are entitled to it. Education is significant to the development of people and societies, as it helps bring about a productive and successful future.For the millions of illiterate children, admission to education is the pathway to an improved life. Moreover, educating girls leads the way for more extensive changes in the work places, societies and families. When governments guarantee access to a rights-based, quality education that is founded on gender equality to their young citizens, it generates a wave effect of benefits that clearly affect future generations. Works Cited â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys. † June 2008.International Labour Organization. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective. † May 2008. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Gender Equality in Education. † 20 April 2009. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century. † 5 March 2009.The World Bank. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education. † n. d. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 March 2009 . Tembon, Mercy, and L ucia Fort. n. d. â€Å"Girl’s Education in the 21st Century. † The World Bank. 4 March 2009

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Osmosis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Osmosis paper - Essay Example other hand, if the concentration of sucrose in a solution is high, then the rate of diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane would also be high. These concepts were tested in an experiment conducted, which is illustrated below. .25M, .5M, .75M, and a control set-up with deionized water. These were placed in individual dialysis tubing which were semi-permeable bags, and labeled accordingly. With a string the individual dialysis tubing considered as baggies with corresponding content were tied to seal off, and keep it from spilling out. Next, the individually prepared bags were carefully wiped off excess external surface water with a paper towel. Using an electronic balance, the initial weight of individual bags with contents were taken and recorded. Subsequently, four beakers were prepared with 150ml of deionized water. Then, the individual bags were immersed in the prepared beakers with 150ml of deionized water, respectively for thirty five (35) minutes. After the lapse of thirty five (35) minutes, one by one the bags were taken out carefully, wiped from external water and weighed. The results were also noted.   After the experimental data were gathered, the materials were cleansed, and returned to the s tock room, while the bags were properly disposed. As well, the working laboratory table was wiped dry and clean. The initial weight of the bag with .25M solution was 17.31g. After the experiment, its weight was 18.23g. The bag with.5M solution’s beginning weight was 9.07g, after the experiment, the weight was 10.75g. The bag with .75M solution’s beginning weight was 3.7g, after the experiment, the weight was 5.09g. Finally, the initial weight of the control bag was 9.95g, after the experiment, the weight was 10.9g. These findings are reflected on the table below: Table 1 shows that There were 5.18 % difference in .25M sucrose solution, 16.95% difference in .5M sucrose solution, 31.63% difference in .75M sucrose

Do pressure groups strengthen or undermine British democracy Essay

Do pressure groups strengthen or undermine British democracy - Essay Example ed to have a thorough examination regarding the role of these pressure groups in British democracy including magnitude of impact they have on the ordinary citizens. The subject deserves to be analyzed from both sides so as to understand the extend which these groups strengthen democracy and the extend they are a hindrance to democracy. A balance between the two sides of the research will be used to draw a conclusion on the role of pressure groups in regard to democracy in Britain. Pressure groups are nothing more than formal institutions whose main aim is to impact on policies for public provisions in a democratic society. They present shared views, attitudes and perceptions regarding various policies. This type of non-partisan activism usually seeks to draw public attention to some issues in which they hold a controversial stand concerning them as compared to political parties. They then use various tools like campaigns and the media to create public awareness and raise public concern regarding them. This is important because some of the ordinary citizens may not be well aware of any change in policies nor how these changes are going to affect them. Therefore, they act as an important public awareness and education tool and hence a channel through which the public can enjoy their democratic rights. According to Coxall and Robins (1998), the best way in which pressure groups strengthen democracy is getting the public to participate in politics regarding various issues that affect them. This is important because it increases public participation in politics and their access to the government’s political system. They become more effective when there are confronting pressure groups holding varied views. This provides a platform for expression of views. The varied ideas are later on used to reach a consensus in which the varied views and concerns are considered. Pressure groups provide social progress as a way of strengthening democracy. The social progress is one

Consumer Behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consumer Behavior - Case Study Example The performance of iPod in the market can even be considered by market researchers as considerably illogical due to the fact that its features are opposing the norms of normal market trends such as affordability and flexibility in features yet continuously controlling the market with a significantly high market share. Compared to other products such as Nokia, the iPod is relatively high end, being exclusive in the features and having a very distinct appearance and characteristics. Although the product is neither affordable nor flexible in the features, it is highly recognizable thus considered to have transcended to ‘cult status’ or have subculture of its own. 2. The iPod product then can be considered as an agent for shifting culture in terms of technology. Initially the iPod users can be described as a diverse group who undergo a certain influence which can result to a transformation to the group known as the iPod users who are proud and confident of the product they are using to the point of accessorizing the said products regardless of the need or the price of such activity. Due to the said effects brought about by the introduction of the iPod in the market, the tradition of listening to music had been introduced to a world of new possibilities and limitless capabilities. The continuous improvement of the iPod technology can even be observed currently with the introduction of new features such as iPhone and iTouch which are included in the growing power and coverage of the iPod

TEENAGE PREGNANCY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TEENAGE PREGNANCY - Essay Example In the past few years, pregnant teenagers have become a twisted fashion statement, a heavily sought-out fad (Moore, 2006). Now, at the beginning of the second decade of this new millennium, teenage pregnancies are increasing at an alarming rate with no decrease in sight due to a lack of knowledge being given to the teenagers. There are three common causes as to why teenagers are becoming pregnant at a shocking rate. Socially, it is ordinary for teenagers to be pressured by their peers to engage in underage sex, resulting in young pregnancies. Teenagers have the mindset that if their friends and classmates are involving themselves in underage sex, then not only should they do the same, but they feel that their actions will be condoned by the commonality of underage sex. Economically, it has been proven that teenagers from lower income neighborhoods or situations of poverty have an increased chance at becoming pregnant due to a lack of information and resources, as well as access to contraceptives (Cherry, 2001). Legally, many teenagers believe that they are old enough than what the age of consent lays down, and that they are old enough to know what they want as possible parents at such a young age. Furthermore, it is quite often that the men that impregnate the girls are unaware of how old they really are , which, regardless of whether or not the girls give permission, goes against the law of age of consent. Teenagers either going through pregnancy or making their rounds as teenage moms face numerous social problems as a result of their poorly calculated sex romps. Due to the demand of infants for their mothers, the majority of teenage moms have no choice but to drop out of school to tend to their baby. Although they do exist, very few schools offer specialized daycare facilities to take care of children while their mothers are in class

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Human Resource - Essay Example As s result, the future of personnel functions will demand skills in managing a diverse work force that includes coaching, ethical decision making, and employee motivation. The bottom up communication in the organization encourages employee participation. This involves participation in decision making, idea generation among other benefits. This when adopted will come in hand to mitigate the common problems that are associated with autocratic management and top bottom way of communication. The organization should focus on the employee relations so that the employer- employee relationship is enhanced or strengthened. This can be achieved through implementing a performance management system. As such the employees are able to receive feedback, understand the expectations of their employers, and meet their obligations of achieving high performance. This should also involve a regular schedule of performance appraisals. As a result there will be reduction in employee turnover and the employees will be committed to achieving excellence. The recruiters should be held accountable for the far employment practices. As such the process should be above board to ensure a focus is laid on experience, skills, expertise and other relevant

Sam 489 unit 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sam 489 unit 6 - Assignment Example Response agencies such as the fire department, the police, the red cross team and other medic teams communicate using radio frequency whose signal is unlikely to be jammed by the type of disaster as well as it can still be used where mobile network is unclear. They mostly use short codes which they have been trained on in order to speed up communication and prevent other parties from understanding their discussion for security purposes depending on the disaster they are responding to. Communication amongst these agencies is important for coordination purposes. For example in a fire disaster, the firefighters communicate with the medics about bring in a victim and the present physical condition of the victim. The medics will be prepared with the necessary equipment and hence attend to the individual without wasting any precious time. Communication among the agencies speeds up help as well as makes response run smoothly and faster hence saving more time and property (Perry & Lindell,

Land Registration Act Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land Registration Act Reforms - Essay Example Previous to this act, the unregistered lands were regulated by the 1925 property legislation and the common law and equity rules. The creation of the 2002 Land Registration Act brings about a revolutionary change in the way conveyancing in Wales and England is carried on, and also to create a modern land registration system1. The primary aim of the Land Registration Act 2002 is to significantly reduce the amount of overriding interests which can potentially bind a registered title purchaser and replace most of them with entries which are registrable. 2. Registered Land Registered land refers to the land where the title of the land has been registered into the Land Registry and the objective is to make an registered entry of ownership of land and also of the third party which is involved into the registration process. The theory states the purchaser may not need to look other than into the register to make enquiries regarding the price of land purchased. In actual condition, if overri ding interests are applicable on a piece of land, which may happen even in case when the buyer is bound to the land and the name of purchaser appears nowhere into the register, then the purchaser needs to look far beyond the register. Registered land ownership is often more striking than the ownership of unregistered land.2 Wherever the title has been registered, they are bound to be ascertainable and registered from the register; however it is often subject to overriding interests. 3. Aspects of Overriding Interests Overriding interests are mainly the interests that are given for registered land which has not been registered and it binds the purchaser to the land. Overriding interests can be divided into two categories - the overriding on the first registrations (mentioned under LRA 2002 of s. 1) and the overriding registered disposition (mentioned under LRA 2002, s. 3). In both the schedules, similar categories of interests' terms are mentioned, although there are many restriction s within the scope of these interests. Overriding interests is applicable on short leases and it provides the right to people who are actually occupying the land,3 while it does not include mortgages of registered land or estates, the third parties which are registered against the estate and the short term lease which overrides minor interests. If the third party is overriding interests against the registered estate, then it automatically gets the right to bind the buyers. This can be compared to the legal interests, which is provided against unregistered title. If the third party does not override, then it becomes the minor interest which will bind the purchasers only in a condition when it is protected through some type of register entry (This is comparable to the land charges required for registration). It is stated by the mirror principle that until it affects the title, the legal use of the enjoyment of the land can never be complete and this means the category should be abolis hed or it should be significantly reduced. There are sometimes a number of interests which includes the legal and equitable interests which are not on the register and it binds the purchaser of the land, irrespective of the inconsistency of notice with the concept of title registration.4 Other related aspects of the proposals of overriding intere

Cyberspace and real Space Essay Example for Free

Cyberspace and real Space Essay The real space is a backdrop where human entities are controlled by the sovereign codes or constitution of the land based on particular demographics. For instance, people need to have passports for them to be legitimate to drive vehicles; they also need passports with visa stamps for them to be able to roam about in different territorial precincts. Whereas the cyberspace is a backdrop that persons are, inherently, free from the control of real space sovereigns. Licenses determine one’s individuality, they say who they are, and if they have been involved in any criminal activities. These are internal passports of many contemporary societies. This environment is characterized by the decentralized nature of the internet that has created the world a global village. Contrary to the underlying connotations, the cyberspace like the free world is subject to monumental regulations that are now evident with the emerging technological advances. Ideally, the cyberspace has the probability of being the most enormously and extensively controlled space in our very existence. So the prospects of a space of freedom shouldn’t arise. Bolter J. D (1999) Presently as in authentic freedom, myriad restrictions control character in the cyberspace. The legal framework for instance has documented the cyberspace patent law, defamation law, sexual harassment law, to control character of the cyber space just like it is curtailed in the real world. The cyberspace at present has incorporated regulatory models that administer attitude and renders persons to approve from others. This also works in the cyberspace as customs operate in real space, aggressive punishments expressed by a society. The bazaar hampers in cyber space, presently as in the actual space. Change the value of access, the restrictions on access varies. Differentiate the architecture of pricing access and the regulation of marginal access shifts dramatically as well. Bukatman S (2000) The cyberspace in this argument hinges on the architecture inclined on the coding system. How persons interact and co-subsist in the cyberspace backdrop is therefore determined by clustered protocols, the set of rules, implemented or codified, in the software of cyberspace itself. The cryptogram architecture in the real space sets the terms that also apply in the cyberspace. Life in the real space is subject to the code in the same way just like life in real space is subject to the architectures of real space. Bukatman S (2000) The essence of the constrictions of code in cyberspace differs, although the comprehension of it does not fluctuate. The cyberspace infrastructures have been made in a way that prompts password verification before one gain an access into the network or database. At some point transactions processed by individuals offers map out that guide transactions. In some backgrounds one can opt to speak a language that the recipient can only comprehend, and in other regions, encryption in not an option. Bukatman S (2000) The variations are represented by the code of these conflicting places. The cryptogram or program or design or code of behavior of the spaces constructs these prototypes. These are typically prototypes determined by code writers; they hold back some performances by making other performances probable. Bukatman S (2000) In actual sense these clustered rules like the designs inherent in the real space, regulate character in cyberspace. Code and market and norms and law together control the cyberspace then as architecture and market and norms and law regulate in real space. Based on research findings, real space depends on architecture configurations. Clustered rules and traditions and the bazaar could easily differentiate alongside various types in real space. In real space hiding is a bit problematic. Evidently, a kid can don a mustache, and position on stilts and endeavor to pierce a porn shop to purchase porn. Cyberspace and real spaces are two separate entities, even though it has been assumed that clustered regulations operating between the two spaces are moreless similar. The default in cyberspace is ambiguity. Since it is easy to conceal the identity and enhance perversity on the net, it is pragmatic that codes and norms to apply in the cyberspace are a bit tricky. Regulation of behavior in the cyberspace is an intricate affair as it is evident in the real space. This is attributed to the amorphous nature of the coding design that make-up the cyberspace. McCaffrey L (1999) Politically the cyberspace architecture portrays differences in political regimes of liberty and political regimes of monopoly. They follow divergent ideological differences between the West and the East Germany; flanked also by the USA and the former USSR; in addition to the Republic of China and the Mainland China. In a nutshell these spaces are about divergent philosophies of admittance. The underlying principals construct differences between control and freedom and these differences are manifested through design and structured rules. The coding platforms have been enhancing political mores. With the advents of contemporary scientific advances, the choices in terms of the architecture are as imperative as the constitution that governs the land. Essentially the clustered rules governing the cyberspace are simply its constitution. This code establishes terms through which individuals obtain entry; the codes also determine the regulations and fashion the traditions. Implicitly, the coding system is the cyberspace authority regulating this particular backdrop just like the realspace is regulated by the constitution. Much as the Internet configuration has been celebrated as a conduit of freedom, so much in response to the system is changing under our consciousness. The misconception that the net enhances a liberal society is practically undergoing serious metamorphosis. There has been a shift in the coding system from freedom to monopoly. This change is rather inevitable and it’s being implemented without interference by state machineries. Both the political class and also pundits representing the interests of the political elites have invaded the evolution of the coding structures. They are indeed shifting the design from a freedom-based backdrop to despotic kind of network. McCaffrey L (1999) With the enormous rates by which technology is changing, it is evident that probabilities are very high to the uprising of despotic authorities that would be rather worse off hypothetical than any sovereignty in the real space ever was. Scientific structures of control are prospective, although very expensive to support. The extravagant monetary aspect inherent with the cyberspace is one aspect that fosters potential liberty. Inefficient Real space monopolistic technologies are tantamount to real space liberty. No sooner than soon the cyberspace culture is translating into a culture visible in the real space. The direction technology is heading will soon bring about a costless database collecting persons statistics at no cost, without interfering with persons endeavors. Tabbi J (2000) Soon or later the cyberspace just like the real space will witness massive authorization to monitor behavior. However, the scrutinizing effect in the cyberspace would be less expensive in comparison to the tracking architectures in the real world. The monitoring factors function in stealth modes on the background of the cyberspace, but effectively and invisibly. The cyberspace system is an awful system of control that is much more significant than real space systems in the history of humanity. The system to some extent professes the notions of liberty as well as freedom from government. What is imperative in terms of the coding structure is to find possible means by which salient and fundamental the modern day freedom platform of the net could offer. Benjamin F (2005) What is however fundamentally true in the evolution of the Cyberspace, is that the coding industry should perceive how these clustered laws are emerging sovereign omnipresent, omnipotent, gentle, efficient, expanding and it should be constructed contrary to the authority and precincts that have been industrialized not in favor of real space crown heads. In the real space, law controls in myriad ways as well. It controls, indirectly and directly. It regulates indirectly when it controls these other modalities of constraint in the sense that they regulate differently. Dry law controls the norms divergently, whereas it regulates the market and at the same time the market controls differently; it also controls design in the sense that architecture could control separately. Spinard N (2000) In the real space the government of the day can co-opt, the other configurations in the sense that this structures constrain to the governments end. The same is applicable in cyberspace. Nonetheless, the government can control the Cyberspace so that character in the Cyberspace becomes rather governable. By the use of encryption, the government could easily regulate to particular substantive ends. Most regimes in this case have been curtailing on encryption in bid to controlling privacy and the ability to hide the content of communications from the eyes of an eavesdropping third party. With the technological advances present, the US has dominated the market with encryption that offer a backdoor open for the government to enter. Benedict. M (1999) The real space scenario, passports were symbolically badges that gave persons admittance. They controlled what in the Russian state Russians could come to know. It is until the issue of the passports were abolished is when Russian people obtained their democratization of citizenship in Russia. In essence the real space or rather the real world is controlled by certain constraints. Law controls by imposing sanctions, in the event that taxes are not duly paid, the consequences are so tough that they could lead someone into jail. If you steal some one car you could easily end up behind bars. Dry law is consequently a highflying constraint. Social mores also do regulate, in terms of how persons should contact themselves. This mores are enhanced through various code laid down by different societies. The market constraints also act as control mechanisms that curtail the amount of expenditure on attires. Through the structures of price, the market constructs opportunities as well as regulations. Lastly but not least nature functions as an aspect of regulation in the real space. This is categorically, the constraint of the world as it is. The fact that you cannot see what lies behind this or that mountain is imperatively nature limitation of the perception. Bell, D (2002) References: Bell, D (2002) A study of the Cyber traditions. Britain Rout ledge. Benedict. M (1999) the Cyberspace, Oxford University Press. Bolter J. D (1999) Space Coding: Technology and the evolution of coding, hypertext. Hillsdale. Bukatman S (2000) Workstation Distinctiveness. The Virtual themes in Contemporary scientific fiction. Harvard University Press. Dery M (2000) Get away Swiftness. Cyber traditions at the end of the century. Minnesota University Press. Jordan T (2000) Cyber Authority: the traditions and politics of the cyber world. Cambridge University Press. McCaffrey L (1999) Invading the Practical Studio: study on the cyberpunk and contemporary scientific fiction. Birmingham University Press. Penley et al (1999) the techno culture. Minneapolis: University of Leeds press. Tabbi J (2000) Contemporary Sublime: American scientific revolutions from mail to cyberpunks. Oregon University Press. Cavallaro D (2005) Cyberpunk and the Real space: scientific fiction and the works of Gibson William. New York press. Benjamin F (2005) trouncing up the scientific flight path Post Modern identity and Political Alternatives. Modern fiction. Cambridge University Press. Spinard N (2000) The Necromantic Cyber experts; Science fiction in the real world. Carbondale, Illinois University Press.

The effect of the arts in education Essay Example for Free

The effect of the arts in education Essay In all cultures in the world, arts teach the history of the society through a certain period. It provides the information about the happenings and the achievements that were achieved through the period. Arts are the most crucial factors in every day lives, were cannot make a single step ahead without a help of art and without interacting with any sub art division. It is evident because whatever we do either must include musical rhythm, calculation or actions, this are all issues related to art. In simple term art is the way man expresses his physical feeling to man, art is not a mental issue, it has to be physical for it to qualify as an art. Examples of these types of expressions are, one can nod to mean yes or no depending on the location and the society, one can bow to show respect, one can wave to say good bye or hi, these are all aspects of arts. In every culture several artistic aspect are used to relay information to the intended persons. An aspect which is used necessarily must pass the information as intended without distortions; such artist aspects may include music, drama, poems, dance, literature and visual arts like pictures, drawings, mosaic and collage. With that simple explanation, it is apparent that nothing either in science world or in other visual arts can happen without a support of arts for better and full understanding for the intended person. In most cases or rather in every case one is surrounded by artistic aspect, that is, environment is art. Nothing can be understood without the support of the art. Through the use of art, abstract ideas in science or any other discipline can be portrayed as real thus enhancing more understanding and competence on the side of the student. Purpose of the study The main purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of using arts as a tool of teaching in the schools in all subjects ranging from sciences, mathematics, languages, physical education and humanities in addition to its relation to the above disciplines of study. The other purpose of the study is to describe how arts motivate the performance of the above disciplines. Assumptions of the study In this study, education is taken to be a valuable instrument in the development of ones life. The study assumes that every student comes from a cultural back ground that has and uses arts as a means of acquiring knowledge. It also assumes that this method have to a larger extent been successful. Interpretations are always used to construct a social as well as education world. We assume that this interpretation is best done using arts. The language that is used in the above interpretation should be commensurate with the activities that are being done, example, scientific language is used in scientific descriptions. A student knowledge on something can also be gained against his performance in arts when he/she is seeks to describe it using arts. If the student is performing well has a competence in that particular field. (Armstrong,1994) Justification of the study Recent performances have not been impressive in various academic disciplines. Academics have attributed this to the fact that the use arts have been done away with. Past researches conducted have proved that the uses of arts like drama, music and experiments enhance the acquisition of knowledge. However in the recent past, teachers have been using arts negligibly. By showing arts plays a significant role in acquisition of knowledge, the study is there fore justified since it will lead to a reevaluation of the current stand and perhaps reintroducing arts to the system of teaching. (Battin et al,1990)

Meanign and characteristics of a Service

Meanign and characteristics of a Service Researchers had focused on the prosperous history of the marketing discipline. Researchers has also made specific contribution of the fact that previous marketing literature ignored the marketing of services, and rather emphasized the importance of marketing of the physical goods. The following quote by Converse (1921) obviously supports that idea: Still the main function of business is to market goods. Accounting, banking, insurance, and transportation are only aids, very important aids it is true, to the production and marketing of goods (p. vi). Throughout the review of extensive lirtature on marketing on general services marketing, Fisk, Brown and Bitner (1993) explored that even up until the 1950s and 1960s services marketing was typically studied only by dissertation research. At that instant there was not only little acknowledgement of services marketing, but more astonishingly no understanding of the difference between physical goods and services. Johnson (1969) was the author of a dissertation titled Are goods and services different? That research was mainly accountable for flashing the goods versus services discussion that followed (Fisk, Brown and Bitner, 1993). Only after the American Marketing Association (1960) presented a definition of services did services articles begin to emerge in typical marketing journals. These articles required to challenge the Associations service definition, which described services as: Activities, benefits or satisfactions which are offered for sale, or are provided in connection with the sale of goods. Examples are amusements, hotel service, electric service, transportation, the services of barber shops and beauty shops, repair and maintenance service, the work of credit rating bureaus. This list is merely illustrative and no attempt has been made to make it complete. The term also applies to various activities such as credit extension, advice and help of sales people, delivery, by which the seller serves the convenience of his customers. (p. 21). Regan (1963) supported this definition, although authors key concern was not to discuss the definition, but to underline the creation of services that was taking place in the United States. Judd (1964) was one of the first authors to make an effort to redefining services. Author was critical of the services definition that had been presented due to it being simply descriptive, imperfect and too dependent on listed examples. Consequently, Rathmell (1966) broadly detailed the marketing characteristics of services, a task saw as crucial in light of the United States rapidly increasing services sector. The features author portrayed are still used today throughout many services marketing journals and textbooks (Fisk, Brown and Bitner, 1993). Authors have usually agreed upon the fact that a service contains of the following features: intangibility, inseparability, perishability and heterogeneity. These previous articles went a long way towards helping people to understand the multifaceted nature of marketing, and thus helped to eliminate the marketing myopia illustrated by Levitt (1960). Meaning of Service A service is a complex fact (Grà ¶nroos 1988:10). The word has various connotations, varying from a personal service to a service as a product. The range of the meaning of the concept can be even vital. Berry, Zeithaml and Parasuraman (1985:44) define services as Performances, not objects. Gaster and Squires (2003:7) partially have the same opinion with this definition, as they define services as experience goods. From these definitions it is clear that a service varies from goods, but it is not totally apparent what the nature of a service is. As the focal point of the current research is a service rather than goods, it would be preferable to utilize a definition that recognizes the necessary characteristics of a service for the purposes of the current research. The characteristics of a service are recognized as intangibility (Boshoff 1990; Eiglier Langeard 1977; Grà ¶nroos 1978; Schneider White 2004; Upah Fulton 1985), relative inseparability (Eiglier Langeard 1977; Gaster Squires 2003; Grà ¶nroos 1978; Schneider White 2004), interdependence (Czepiel et al. 1985; Eiglier Langeard 1977; Grà ¶nroos 1984; Haywood-Farmer 1988; Kelly, Donnelly Skinner 1990; Speller Ghobadian 1993a) and heterogeneity (Anthony Govindarajan 2000; Eiglier Langeard 1977; Gaster Squires 2003; Haywood-Farmer 1988; Schneider White 2004). Characteristics of services Intangibility Probably the most basic and most often it is mentioned of the many characteristics of a service is the defining characteristic of intangibility (Boshoff 1990:37; Eiglier Langeard 1977: 36; Grà ¶nroos 1978:591; Schneider White 2004:6; Upah Fulton 1985:255). This characteristic involves that true services cannot be seen, touched, held, tasted, smelled or stored they have no physical demonstration (Schneider White 2004:6; Speller Ghobadian 1993a:2; Upah Fulton 1985:255). At a theoretical level, this characteristic is complex to analyze because one cannot grasp it, except for in contrast to tangible goods. Consequently it is an improper definition because it only enlightens what services is not, not what they are (Eiglier Langeard 1977:33). Upah and Fulton (1985:255) tried to deal with this shortfall. They define service intangibility as containing such things as physical effort, thought processes, demeanor, appearance, and the use (but not ownership) of goods or facilities. Services are not all intangible. They may be observed as being arranged on a continuum of intangibility, with pure services (which have no tangible element) at the one end of the continuum, and pure goods (which have no intangible element) at the other end (Schneider White 2004:7). The majority of services are in between the two ends of the intangibility continuum, for the reason that they have both tangible and intangible elements (Schneider White 2004:7). Services provided in education sector are closer to pure services on the intangibility continuum. Because of its intangibility, an accurate analysis of the quality of service is complicated (Eiglier Langeard 1977:44; Haywood-Farmer 1988:20). Not only is it hard to measure service quality, but one cannot store a service. (Haywood-Farmer 1988:20). The possible outcomes of service failure might also be more brutal. When there is no physical product that can be repaired or returned when service quality is not up to the requirements, customers have a tendency to use the medium to influence their dissatisfaction (Eiglier Langeard 1977:44). Schneider and White (2004:6) said that pure services are basically procedures that are experiences which yield psychological experiences more than they yield physical belongings. In measuring a service, it should be taken into account that a psychological procedure is to be evaluated and not physical goods. This is the cause why the perceptions of the users of the service are attained. Furthermore, carefulness should be considered in analyzing the results, as it should be fix in mind that, even though the measurement might not be totally correct it may be the best sign of the service quality available from the users of the service. Heterogeneity Pure services, which are composed of a delivery experience, cannot be formed at one time and in one place and then be stored for later utilization anywhere else. A service can also not be sent back (Eiglier Langeard 1977:37-39; Gaster Squires 2003:97; Schneider White 2004:7). So there is a relatively small time-gap between production and consumption, and services are consumed as they are produced(Grà ¶nroos 1978:591; Schneider White 2004:7; Speller Ghobadian 1993a:2). The failure to construct services long before they are utilized means that the same problem occurred as with intangibility, because there is no way of creating a service, examining it for faults, and then providing it to a customer (Eiglier Langeard 1977:37- 39; Grà ¶nroos 1978:591 Schneider White 2004:7). The usefulness of a service cannot be certain in advance, just assured on the basis of the established skill of the provider at a previous service encounter (Gaster Squires 2003:7). Education has different types of service. The services of registering students, assessing the results of students and delivering lectures can technically be separated, as there could be internal processes to check for the incorrect registration of students, assessment of results and formulating quality oriented lectures. There could also be additional internal processes to ensure the correct assessment of the students. The students can also assess the accuracy of the service of assessment. On the other hand, when, for example, a student visits a registration office with a query or telephones call, the service could be regarded as inseparable, as the response of the staff and teachers cannot be checked for defects before any communication takes place between the two parties. In view of the fact that each of the services at educational institute can lie at a different point on the separability-inseparability continuum, in the evaluation of the services educational institutions offers, the different services should be measured separately. Interdependence One exceptional characteristic of services is that the customer is not simply the user of the service, but also playing their role in the production and delivery of the service (Czepiel et al. 1985:3; Eiglier Langeard 1977:36; Grà ¶nroos 1984:37; Haywood-Farmer 1988:20; Kelly et al. 1990:1; Speller Ghobadian 1993a:2). This may be referred to as interdependence that can be defined as the effect interacting persons have on each others outcom es in a social relationship (McCallum Harrison 1985:35). For a lot of services, the customer is required to participation in information or effort prior to the service transaction can be completed (Kelly et al. 1990:1). A service organization does not perform well except the role of the customer sufficiently fulfilled (Eiglier Langeard 1977:37; Kelly et al. 1990:1; McCallum Harrison 1985:35). Therefore, service efficiency and quality depend not only on the performance of the service providers employees (teachers), but also on the performance of the consumer (Students) (Philip Hazlett 1997:262). Heterogeneity One more feature in the study of service literature is the reality that services are heterogeneous (Eiglier Langeard 1977:33; Schneider White 2004:8). On the one hand services are not mechanical and are only consistent and standardized up to a point, there may be immense change over time (Eiglier Langear d 1977:42). The human aspect in the production and delivery of services may indicate that no two service experiences are the same, as peoples performance varies always (Czepiel et al. 1985:3; Schneider White 2004:8). Various customers might have diverse demands that need to be met, or various service employees might go about meeting the similar customer demands somewhat different in a way (Schneider White 2004:8). This relative heterogeneity can make it more complex to examine services and to measure the quality checks in advance to guarantee that the services meet identical standards (Schneider White 2004:8). One of the consequences of the heterogeneity of services is that services cannot be standardized in a production process and are as a result of labor concentrated (Anthony Govindarajan 2000:621; Gaster Squires 2003:7). An additional result of the reality is that all services cannot be executed in one factory and cannot be distributed to warehouses to be put up for sale is that most service organizations operate many units in different locations (Anthony Govindarajan 2000:621). It is recognized that because services are human oriented, quality improvement cannot be attained by alterations to production processes, and might take long time to be effective and might even more cost more would be in the case for physical goods. Here the focal point is on the employee and the way in which the service is delivered and perceived by the customer will depend on the employee.

Ethical Issues Raised by Data Mining Essay -- Databases Technology Com

Ethical Issues Raised by Data Mining Data mining is the practice of gathering data from various sources and manipulating it to provide richer information than any of contributing sources is able to do alone or to produce previously unknown information. Businesses and governments share information that they have collected with the purpose of cross-referencing it to find out more information about the people tracked in their databases. Data mining has many benefits. Stores are able to stock merchandise that better reflects what customers want. When Victoria’s Secret started tracking user purchases they noticed that customers in Miami bought much more white lingerie than customers in other areas. As a result they began stocking more white products instead of uniformly stocking all stores benefiting both the store and the customer[i]. Another benefit is that it allows companies to consolidate data from many different sources so that more time can be spent analyzing data than finding it in the first place. This is useful for companies that have multiple financial systems and spend a lot of time trying to combine data into a more useful format rather than doing the actual analysis of the data. A more dramatic example is that some say that 9/11 could have been prevented if the FBI had better data mining tools to share and combine information from different offices[ii]. In addition to crime prevention and f inancial analysis the medical research community can use these techniques in medical research to identify trends and causes of disease. Along with the numerous benefits data mining also has a downside. Combining data from various sources can result in revealing information people would consider private and woul... ...ade Commision, The Fair Credit Reporting Act (Washington, DC: GPO, 2004) 46. [xiv] Tavani, Herman T., â€Å"Privacy and the Internet† Ethics and Technology Conference, Boston, MA, 5 June 1999. (Boston College Intellectual Property Forum, 2000) http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/commentary/ [xv] D1 Consulting, Report on Double Click, 2003, University of Southern California, 7 June 2004 [xvi] Tavani, Herman T., â€Å"Privacy and the Internet† Ethics and Technology Conference, Boston, MA, 5 June 1999. (Boston College Intellectual Property Forum, 2000). [xvii]European Parliament, Official Journal of European Communities, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Brussels, Belgium: 2000) 10. [xviii] Federal Trade Commission, Privacy Online: A Report to Congress (Washington, DC: GPO, 1998) 3.

Essay --

Birth Control Birth control is widely used around the world by many women to prevent pregnancy. There are multiple ways to get birth control from buying them at your local drugstores or obtaining a prescription from a physician of clinic. I visited my local Planned Parenthood clinic in Mission Viejo to obtain information on the various ways to prevent pregnancy. Planned Parenthood is the leading sexual and reproductive health care clinic in the United States. They are located all over the country where women can go to get educated and stay healthy. I read pamphlets they had displayed and also visited their website to learn the numerous ways women can prevent pregnancy. Withdrawal (Pull out method) A. Cost- This does not cost anything, you just need education and experience to use this method successfully. B. Effectiveness- Of every 100 women whose partner’s withdrawal, 4 will become pregnant if done correctly. C. Availability- Anyone can attempt or achieve this bust must have experience and trust with your partner. D. How to obtain this contraceptive- N/A E. Teaching- A man must know when they are about to reach the point of ejaculation and pull out at the exact right time. F. Medical Conditions that prohibit use- N/A G. Precautions- This method should not be used for men who ejaculate prematurely, or if they do not know who to pull out correctly. H. Religious, cultural or contributing factors- N/A Fertility Awareness (Rhythm) A. Cost- Does not cost anything, just education and understand of the woman’s fertility cycle. B. Effectiveness- How well this method works depends on both partners, and must be done correctly and consistently. 24 out of 100 couples who use fertility awareness will have a pregnancy if not done corr... ...u are under the age of 18, your state may require one or both of your parents to give permission or to be told of the decision prior to the abortion. E. Teaching- You may have a wide range of emotions after an abortion. Abortion begins a new cycle and you should have a normal period in 4 to 8 weeks. F. Medical Conditions- N/A G. Precautions-Some people may have complications from being under anesthesia. You may also have heavy bleeding a discomfort. H. Religious, cultural or contributing factors- Abortion is a very controversial subject. There are many groups who call themselves pro-choice and pro-life. Pro-choice believe that women have a right to choose whether or not they want to be pregnant or not and pro-life believes you should never have abortion because the fetus is a living life. It will continue to be a very big controversy around the world.

evilmac Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Were Not Evil Essay example -- Macbe

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Were Not Evil      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's Macbeth contains many evil deeds, the majority of which are perpetrated by none other than the title character and his wife (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth). However, evil deeds don't necessarily mean an evil soul; Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were not inherently evil.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before Macbeth and his wife even committed their first evil act, they had doubts. "... Yet I do fear thy nature./It is too full o' the milk of human kindness/To catch the nearest wave..." (Disciples 13:15-0) Lady Macbeth says in her monologue after reading Macbeth's letter. While she is already planning for the death of the king, she knows that it will take an effort to convince Macbeth to go along with her vacation. She also doubts herself: "Stock up the access and passage to remorse, ...That my keen knife see not the wound it makes," (I.V.23:2). While she calls upon the powers of evil to aid her in her quest for love, she knows her 'weaknesses' (kindness, poor impulse control, etc.). She understands that she must change in order to be able to even assist Macbeth in committing the murder, hence she is not inherently evil.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth doubts himself as he doubts his fatherhood. In one of his 'talking-to-himself' monologues (I.VII.8:28) he shows that he is not ready to be a father. He says that he has no reason to bear a child other than his own ambition ("... I have no spur/To prick the sides of my intent, but only/vaulting ambition... " (I.VII.25-27)) He also mentions that he would be so evil to commit the deed; he would first be violating his duty to protect his King, as wel... ...the nightmares she experiences due to the murder of Duncan. Sh has episodes of sleepwalking where she attempts to scrub the blood off her hands and cleanse herself of the evil deed. And she hadn't even killed Duncan. Again this shows that she was NOT inherently evil.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are obviously amateurs at being evil. They doubted themselves and each other all through their evil acts, showing remorse and regret often. In fact, most of the evil that they committed can be almost directly linked to the Witches, who WERE inherently evil. They were the cause of their evil, not their souls. Therefore, Macbeth and his wife were clearly not the embodiment of pure evil. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.

Scripts

Before Introduction Good evening ladies & gentlemen. As event will be beginning shortly, may we invite everyone to kindly take your seats. Thank you. Introduction Good evening [_____________, ____________] ladies and gentlemen. I’m ___________ and I’m __________ we will be your emcees for this evening. On behalf of Linglingay Association, we would like to thank each and every one of you for taking the time to grace this blissful occasion. So relax and enjoy the rest of the evening. Opening prayerBefore we start, may I call on _____________ for the opening prayer. Pambansang AwitPlease remain standing for the singing of Pambansang Awit to be lead by __________________. Marching of Officers Before anything else, we would like to acknowledge the key persons who took a great part of this joyous affair. Ladies and gentlemen, it is with great pleasure to introduce to you the Linglingay Association’s officers. Let’s start off. Please make a stand and march as your name is called. So there you have it ladies and gentlemen, our most distinguished set of Linglingays Association’s officers. Let us once again give them a big round of applause. Message of the PresidentAnd now let’s welcome the Linglingay Association’s Chairperson. Let us give her a big hand for a job well done. Intoduction of Guest Speaker 1Without further ado, we would like to warmly welcome ___________. Sir/ Madam, thank you so much for your support. Speaker 2May I have your attention please, as we welcome _______________. Thank you sir/ Madam for gracing this occasion. Speaker 3Also with us here tonight and it is with great pleasure to have our guest speaker _________. Thank you _______________ for going out of your way to be with us. Speaker 4And now, we are truly happy to have here with us the ______________________ Thank you ___________ for sparing your precious time with us. Speaker 5For our next speaker, Friends lets give a big hand to ______________. Thank you Ma’am, it’s our pleasure to have you with us. Dance numbersAnd now, the moment we have all been waiting for, presenting to you the __________________ for their dance presentation. Thank you for that gracious presentation. Now, May we bring your attention to the dance floor as we welcome ____________________. Asking officials or guest to dance on floorNow may we invite ____________ to be on floor to show his/their talent/s in dancing. Sir the floor is yours. Food In just a few moments ladies and gentlemen food will be served. Enjoy! Ladies & gentlemen, we hope you have been enjoying your food so far. Closing remarksMay we now call on _____________, for tha closing message. With that, on behalf of Linglingay Association, we would like to once again hank everyone for gracing this occasion. We hope that you have enjoyed the celebration as much as we have enjoyed hosting it to you. We wish a flourishing new year ahead of everyone. Thank you. Others Welcome scriptsWe would like to acknowledge the arrival of _____________. Welcome and Thank you for sharing your time with us. We would like to recognize the arrival of _____________. Thank you for coming sir. We would like to acknowledge the presence of _______ ___. Thank you sir,and Welcome to the Linglingay’s Association New year’s ball. Thank youAgain Thank you for your participation, you may now return to your seats. Sir, Madam, Thank you so much for your generosity. Additional scriptsSo I guess that’s about it. I hope I did not miss out anyone. If I did, please be so kind to remind me. There you have it ladies and gentlemen. Holidays like Christmas and New Year bring families together. It refreshes the family ties and friendship that have gone out of date and almost forgotten against the toll of time and distance. Goodbye message to speakersThank you for being with us tonight, sir _________. Have a safe trip! Thank you for sharing your precious time sir ________. Happy new year and have a safe trip. Thank you for gracing this occasion ___________. May you have a safe trip! Welcome the associations and give their names to the emcee (get their representatives for pageants and boy pick up): Message booth: Food for the associations: For the guest speakers: Food for the judges: Game: Trip to JerusalemMs. Gay Linglingay Boy pick upGame ka na ba? (10 per association) Mr. and Miss LinglingayBalloons Disco king and queen Bingo

Short Notes About Some Point

SIM: A subscriber identity module (SIM) on a removable SIM card securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). A SIM card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network (also temporary local id that has been issued to the user), a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for usual use and PUK for unlocking). SIM cards are available in two standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85. 60 mm ? 53. 98 mm x 0. 76 mm). GSM: GSM is stands for Global System for Mobile communication. It is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in Asia and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. Mobile services based on GSM technology were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82. 4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users worldwide. Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries. GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). GPRS: GPRS (General packet radio service) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/s. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per MB of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users. 2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2. 5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GPRS was developed as a GSM response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet switched cellular technologies. W-Lan: A wireless local area network (WLAN) links devices via a wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM) and usually provides a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation and the increasing popularity of laptop computers. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi (short for â€Å"wireless fidelity†) is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802. 11 family. The term Wi-Fi was created by an organization called the Wi-Fi Alliance, which oversees tests that certify product interoperability. A product that passes the alliance tests is given the label â€Å"Wi-Fi certified† (a registered trademark). Originally, Wi-Fi certification was applicable only to products using the 802. 11b standard. Today, Wi-Fi can apply to products that use any 802. 11 standard. The 802. 11 specifications are part of an evolving set of wireless network standards known as the 802. 11 family. The particular specification under which a Wi-Fi network operates is called the â€Å"flavor† of the network. Any entity that has a wireless LAN should use security safeguards such as the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption standard, the more recent Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), or a virtual private network (VPN). ALU: An (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs. Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC. REFRESH RATE: The refresh rate (most commonly the â€Å"vertical refresh rate†, â€Å"vertical scan rate† for CRTs) is the number of times in a second that display hardware draws the data. This is distinct from the measure of frame rate in that the refresh rate includes the repeated drawing of identical frames, On CRT displays, increasing the refresh rate decreases flickering, thereby reducing eye strain. However, if a refresh rate is specified that is beyond what is recommended for the display, damage to the display can occur. For computer programs or telemetry, the term is also applied to how frequently a datum is updated with a new external value from another source. RESULATION: The display resolution of a digital television or display device is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by all different factors in cathode ray tube (CRT) and flat panel or projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays. One use of the term â€Å"display resolution† applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma display panels (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e. g. , 1920? 1200). A consequence of having a fixed grid display is that, for multi-format video inputs, all displays need a â€Å"scaling engine† (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display. PIXEL: A pixel (or picture element) is a single point in a raster image. The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element, it is the smallest unit of picture which can be controlled. Each pixel has its own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates. Pixels are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more-accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or black. In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the term pixel is used to refer to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photo site in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is also sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital camera's sensor),[2] while in others the term may refer to the entire set of such component intensities for a spatial position. In color systems that use chrome sub sampling, the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in such a representation. The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix (â€Å"pictures†) and el (for â€Å"element†); similar formations with el for â€Å"element† include the words: voxel and texel. SCAN-PORT: A port scanner is a software application designed to probe a network host for open ports. This is often used by administrators to verify security policies of their networks and by attackers to identify running services on a host with the view to compromise it. To portscan a host is to scan for listening ports on a single target host. To port sweep is to scan multiple hosts for a specific listening port. The latter is typically used in searching for a specific service, for example, an SQL-based computer worm may port sweep looking for hosts listening on TCP port 1433. HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with the SSL/TLS protocol to provide encryption and secure (website security testing) identification of the server. HTTPS connections are often used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems. HTTP is a request-response standard typical of client-server computing. In HTTP, web browsers or spiders typically act as clients, while an application running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server. The client, which submits HTTP requests, is also referred to as the user agent. The responding server, which stores or creates resources such as HTML files and images, may be called the origin server. In between the user agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels. SEARCH ENGINE : A program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Although earch engine is really a general class of programs, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web and USENET newsgroups. Typically, a search engine works by sending out a spider to fetch as many documents as possible. Another program, called an indexer, then reads these documents and creates an index based on the words contained in each document. Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its indices such that, ideally, only meaningful results are returned for each query. RTAP : Short for Real Time Streaming Protocol, a standard for controlling streaming data over the World Wide Web. Like H. 323, RTSP uses RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) to format packets of multimedia content. But whereas H. 323 is designed for videoconferencing of moderately-sized groups, RTSP is designed to efficiently broadcast audio-visual data to large groups. RTSP grew out of work done by Columbia University, Netscape and Real Networks. RSVP : R. S. V. P. stands for a French phrase, â€Å"repondez, s'il vous plait,† which means â€Å"please reply. The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not? Etiquette rules followed in most Western cultures require that if you receive a formal, written invitation, you should reply promptly, perhaps that same day. For hosts who are planning a dinner party, a wedding or a reception, this is important from a practical po int of view, because they need to know how many people to count on and how much food and drink to buy. More important, though, is the simple courtesy of responding to someone who was nice enough to invite you, even if it is to say that you regret that you will not be able to attend. APPLICATION SERVER : Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www. example. com might translate to 198. 105. 232. 4. The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned. MAIL-SERVER : A mail server is a computer that serves as an electronic post office for email. Mail exchanged across networks is passed between mail servers that run specially designed software. This software is built around agreed-upon, standardized protocols for handling mail messages, the graphics they might contain, and attachment files. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) each have a mail server for handling their clients’ mail messages, sometimes referred to as private mail servers. Some websites also offer public email services, utilizing their own mail servers. DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the â€Å"phone book† for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www. example. com translates to 192. . 32. 10. The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each user's physical location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 2 08. 77. 188. 166 (IPv4) or 2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated. In general, the Domain Name System also tores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet. Other identifiers such as RFID tags, UPC codes, International characters in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially utilize D NS. The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Symbian OS: Symbian OS is an operating system (OS) designed for mobile devices and smart phones, with associated libraries, user interface, frameworks and reference implementations of common tools, originally developed by Symbian Ltd. It was a descendant of Psion's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed. In 2008, the former Symbian Software Limited was acquired by Nokia and a new independent non-profit organisation called the Symbian Foundation was established. Symbian OS and its associated user interfaces S60, UIQ and MOAP(S) were contributed by their owners to the foundation with the objective of creating the Symbian platform as a royalty-free, open source software. The platform has been designated as the successor to Symbian OS, following the official launch of the Symbian Foundation in April 2009. The Symbian platform was officially made available as open source code in February 2010. Devices based on Symbian OS account for 46. 9% of smartphone sales, making it the world's most popular mobile operating system. DE-MORGAN: The law is named after Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871)[3] who introduced a formal version of the laws to classical propositional logic. De Morgan's formulation was influenced by algebraization of logic undertaken by George Boole, which later cemented De Morgan's claim to the find. In formal logic, De Morgan's laws are rules relating the logical operators â€Å"and† and â€Å"or† in terms of each other via negation, namely: NOT (P OR Q) = (NOT P) AND (NOT Q) NOT (P AND Q) = (NOT P) OR (NOT Q) EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit character encoding (code page) used on IBM mainframe operating systems such as z/OS, OS/390, VM and VSE, as well as IBM midrange computer operating systems such as OS/400 and i5/OS (see also Binary Coded Decimal). It is also employed on various non-IBM platforms such as Fujitsu-Siemens' BS2000/OSD, HP MPE/iX, and Unisys MCP. EBCDIC descended from the code used with punched cards and the corresponding six bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBM's computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s. ASCII: Acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Pronounced ask-ee, ASCII is a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text, which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another. UNICODE: Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent representation and manipulation of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 107,000 characters covering 90 scripts, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic or Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). The Unicode Consortium, the nonprofit organization that coordinates Unicode's development, has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are incompatible with multilingual environments. Unicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including XML, the Java programming language, the Microsoft . NET Framework, and modern operating systems. Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8 (which uses one byte for any ASCII characters, which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters), the now-obsolete UCS-2 (which uses two bytes for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard), and UTF-16 (which extends UCS-2 to handle code points beyond the scope of UCS-2).

Fast Food Essay

Many people nowadays depend on fast food restaurants in their daily life. Most of them particularly young people prefer to eat fast food such as hamburgers, hot dogs, French fries and pizza. There are many this restaurants are popular. The main ones are that the fast food is easy to get, cheaper, tastes delicious, and it is always ready. The main reason why fast food is so popular is because it is easy to get. Many people work long hours, so they do not have time to prepare their own food. It is easier and more convenient to stop and get something fast to eat, like a hamburger or a pizza. Also, in this times many women work and because of that they have less time to prepare family meals. It is easier for them to just order some fast food. Another reason for the popularity of fast food is that it tastes delicious. Fast food gives the children the kind of food they really love, such as nuggets, pizza, donuts, fries and hot dogs. Everyone loves fast food not only because it is always ready also because it tastes delicious. Nowadays fast food is also very popular because of advertisement. All forms of media advertise about fast food, such as the internet, television and billboards in the street. By these advertisements they know where every restaurant of fast food is located. The final reason why people also love fast food is because there are so many of them, next to their work place, their homes or on the side of the road. That is an important point to many people, because they do not want to waste time searching for a restaurant to eat, they want something near, fast and cheap. People eat fast food for many reasons, both bad and good. Most of the people consume it because it is easy to get, it is delicious and because they are everywhere. Everyone in some point of their life has eaten these food, because of the lack of time, or because you do not feel like cooking. Eating this type of food is not bad as long as you do not overdo it. If you combine it with a nutritious food everything is fine.

Anna Freud

Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ‘had received a powerful impetus through â€Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ‘never made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine'. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a â€Å"bad influenceâ €  on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ‘the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"brains†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, and their father once spoke of her ‘age-old jealousy of Sophie'. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up – ‘a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her'. It seems that ‘in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings†¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape': she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ‘Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness'. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work: a dream she had ‘at the age of nineteen months†¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ‘in the dream of little Anna†¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects'. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evid ence that ‘In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English', but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper â€Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream† to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued ch ild analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the â€Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety†, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis' intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father's health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family's emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The w ar gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called â€Å"The Hampstead War Nursery†. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud's theory of thedeve lopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freud's death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as â€Å"a passionate and inspirational teacher† and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud's first article, ‘on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]†¦ made her contribution no less scientific'.In it she explained how ‘Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies'. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ‘†A Child is Being Beaten†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ – ‘they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary pap ers' – in which he highlighted a female case where ‘an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy†¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art'. ‘Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein†¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible'. In particular, Anna Freud's belief that ‘In children's analysis, the transference plays a different role†¦ and the analyst not only â€Å"represents mother† but is still an original second mother in the life of the child' became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her ‘classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanism s, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights'. Here her ‘cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation' helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father — ‘We should like to learn more about the ego' — during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments — ‘I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases' – emphasising how the ‘increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives'. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. â€Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity†¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces†.Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that ‘The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London years ‘that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers — including â€Å"About Losing and Being Lost†, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis'.Her description therein of ‘simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living' may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ‘the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth â€Å"from dependency to emotional self-reliance†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired , and it might indeed be said that ‘she devoted her life to protecting her father's legacy†¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity', or what she termed ‘altruistic surrender†¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects'. Jacques Lacan called ‘Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn't make a building†¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems'; and by preserving so much of Freud's legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about the potential loss of her father's 'emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to k eep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his mother†¦There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way'. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts â€Å"Dear John †¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have†¦ interests†¦ beyond the limits of the medical field†¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,†¦ [otherwise] his outlook on†¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point co ntains†¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? † In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ‘With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other. Anna Freud Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ‘had received a powerful impetus through â€Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ‘never made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine'. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a â€Å"bad influenceâ €  on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ‘the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: â€Å"beauty† and â€Å"brains†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, and their father once spoke of her ‘age-old jealousy of Sophie'. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up – ‘a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her'. It seems that ‘in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings†¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape': she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ‘Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness'. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work: a dream she had ‘at the age of nineteen months†¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ‘in the dream of little Anna†¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects'. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evid ence that ‘In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English', but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper â€Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream† to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued ch ild analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the â€Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety†, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis' intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father's health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family's emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The w ar gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called â€Å"The Hampstead War Nursery†. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud's theory of thedeve lopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freud's death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as â€Å"a passionate and inspirational teacher† and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud's first article, ‘on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]†¦ made her contribution no less scientific'.In it she explained how ‘Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies'. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ‘†A Child is Being Beaten†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ – ‘they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary pap ers' – in which he highlighted a female case where ‘an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy†¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art'. ‘Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein†¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible'. In particular, Anna Freud's belief that ‘In children's analysis, the transference plays a different role†¦ and the analyst not only â€Å"represents mother† but is still an original second mother in the life of the child' became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her ‘classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanism s, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights'. Here her ‘cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation' helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father — ‘We should like to learn more about the ego' — during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments — ‘I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases' – emphasising how the ‘increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives'. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. â€Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity†¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces†.Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that ‘The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London years ‘that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers — including â€Å"About Losing and Being Lost†, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis'.Her description therein of ‘simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living' may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ‘the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth â€Å"from dependency to emotional self-reliance†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired , and it might indeed be said that ‘she devoted her life to protecting her father's legacy†¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity', or what she termed ‘altruistic surrender†¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects'. Jacques Lacan called ‘Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn't make a building†¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems'; and by preserving so much of Freud's legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about the potential loss of her father's 'emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to k eep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his mother†¦There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way'. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts â€Å"Dear John †¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have†¦ interests†¦ beyond the limits of the medical field†¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,†¦ [otherwise] his outlook on†¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point co ntains†¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? † In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ‘With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other.